What Is Functional Communication Training (FCT) and How It Reduces Challenging Behavior
Imagine a child who hits when they want attention, cries when they’re hungry, or runs away when they’re overwhelmed. These aren’t just misbehaviors — they’re communication attempts without words. When children can’t express their needs effectively, they often resort to behaviors that “work” — even if they’re unsafe or disruptive.
This is where Functional Communication Training (FCT) comes in. FCT is a powerful ABA-based intervention that teaches children to replace challenging behavior with more appropriate, functional forms of communication.
What Is Functional Communication Training?
FCT involves identifying the function of a challenging behavior — what the child is trying to communicate — and then teaching them a new, acceptable behavior that meets the same need.
For example:
If a child screams to get a toy, FCT teaches them to ask for the toy (with words, signs, pictures, etc.).
If they run away to escape a task, FCT teaches them to request a break.
Instead of punishing behavior, FCT focuses on building skills — helping the child get their needs met in a safe, socially acceptable way.
When Is FCT Used?
FCT is especially useful when:
A behavior is severe or dangerous
The child has limited verbal language
The behavior is driven by escape, attention, access, or sensory needs
It’s not just about reducing behavior — it’s about giving children the tools to succeed.
How FCT Works: Step-by-Step
1. Conduct a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)
A BCBA observes the behavior to determine why it happens:
Escape
Attention
Access to tangibles
Sensory stimulation
2. Select a Replacement Behavior
Choose a communication method that matches the child’s ability:
Spoken word (“Help” or “Toy”)
Sign language
Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)
Communication device (AAC)
3. Prompt the New Behavior
Every time the child is about to engage in the challenging behavior, prompt the replacement first.
“You want a snack? Say ‘snack,’ please.”
4. Reinforce Immediately
When the child uses the new communication, give them what they want right away.
This helps build a strong association between the new behavior and the outcome.
5. Ignore or Redirect the Old Behavior
As long as it’s safe, don’t reinforce the challenging behavior. This creates a learning contrast: “This doesn’t work, but my new skill does.”
Why FCT Works
It gives the child power to control their environment
It reduces frustration and aggression
It builds independence and language
It’s positive — no punishment required
Real-Life Examples of FCT in Action
Before: Daniel threw objects when asked to do homework.
After: He was taught to say “Can I take a break?” with a card. His throwing decreased, and compliance improved.
Before: Mia screamed every time the iPad was taken away.
After: She learned to request “more iPad” or “5 more minutes,” and the screaming faded over time.
Parent Tips for Supporting FCT at Home
Keep communication tools accessible (cards, buttons, signs)
Model and prompt the new request frequently
Be consistent — only reinforce the new behavior, not the old one
Celebrate effort — even partial attempts should be praised
“I love how you asked for help — let’s do it together.”
FCT Myths and Misunderstandings
“They have to talk for FCT to work.” Not true! FCT works with nonverbal communication systems like PECS and AAC.
“It rewards bad behavior.” No — it replaces the behavior with something functional and appropriate.
“It takes too long.” Many families see rapid changes once the child realizes their new behavior works.
Final Thoughts
Functional Communication Training isn’t just a therapy strategy — it’s a mindset. Instead of asking “How do we stop this behavior?” FCT asks, “What is this child trying to tell us, and how can we teach them to say it?”
With consistency and compassion, FCT can transform meltdowns into meaningful communication — giving children the voice they’ve always needed.
